How accurate are census records? I'm sure this question has arisen for every genealogist at some point in their research.
Why does Great Grandma's age change every census by less (or more!) than the 10 years between census? What's up with Great Grandpa's surname being spelled incorrectly? Why does Grandpa have a different first name every census year? Is it even the right man?? And why does great great grandma give a different place of birth for her parents each time?
These are all questions that might arise as you delve into census records. We quickly learn that census records cannot be considered the absolute and final authority. There are good reasons why we see so many discrepancies, but discrepancies doesn't mean we should ignore the information, just that we need to check for other collaborating records (or records which will disprove the anomalous information)
Why Are Census Records Inconsistent?
How
can the census be so wrong sometimes? Consider first what question was
actually asked by the census taker. For example with ages - did he ask
how old the person was, or how old they were on their last birthday
or.....
People lie about their ages. In past generations
individuals often did not know their exact year of birth. I have a
letter written in 1847 by my ancestor Levi Peer to his mother, asking
her when he was born! At the time he was 38 years old but he obviously
only had a vague idea of his birth year.
Spelling Doesn't Count
What about names?
Spelling was not exact back in the 1800s and earlier. A census taker
wrote what he heard, and whether or not he was a good speller or was
familiar with the surname dictated what we see rendered on the census
page. Don't forget that great grandpa might have been a recent immigrant
with a difficult accent. The census taker might not have had any idea
what name was being spoken.
If great grandpa was German or
Polish or.... any other nationality find out what the English equivalent
of his first name is. If you only know him as Walter but you know he
came from another country, find out what his English name is in his
native land. You may find him recorded either with his English
equivalent or his ethnic origin name. For example Wladyslaw can be
Walter. And on and on it goes...
Different first names? Children
were usually given at least two names at birth and a man (or woman)
might choose to use his first or his middle, or perhaps a nickname. Your
ancestor might not have settled on his or her name until later in life,
so may have used one name on one census and another on the next.
Parents may have called their child by the name they bestowed on him but
when he grew up he may have decided he didn't like his given name and
used his middle.
People also had nicknames - Jack for John,
Delia for Bridget, Polly for Mary - there are many standard nicknames
which we can easily find with a search of Google. But what about
invented nicknames? My husband's grandfather had the first name of Leon
and middle name of Thomas but was called Charlie his entire life. We
have to keep an open mind about whether or not individual A is the same
person as individual B on another census!
Who Answered the Census Taker's Questions?
The next question we
need to ask ourselves is - who provided the answers on that census? Was
it a parent? And if so, was it Mom or Dad. Mothers may have had a better
idea of their children's birth years and ages than dad. Was it an older
child (perhaps mom or dad were not home) or even a neighbour giving the
information? All these factors will affect the quality of the census
information.
Immigration and naturalization years are among the
most mis-remembered of all on the census. Let's face it, can you recall
the exact year you did something? If I am asked what year I went
backpacking through Europe, I can only say it was sometime in the mid
1970s. To figure it out more precisely I'd need some time to sit and
think about how old my children were, or some other trigger for my
memory. The census taker was not going to sit there while mom or dad
thought about what year they arrived in this country so the year you see
on the census may be pretty much their best guess, given quickly.
As
for great great Grandma giving a different place of birth for her
parents (or even herself!) remember that she may only have heard how her
mother lived in New York, and not have heard that actually her mother
was born in Illinois and moved to New York as an infant. She may know
that she herself was born in New York but moved elsewhere as a child and
considers that her birth place. Again, think about who might have given
the information! Perhaps great great grandma was sick in bed and her
husband provided the details, or an older child.
Take it With a Grain of Salt
Treat the census as you should every other genealogical source - with a bit of suspicion. Find other records and assess them all before arriving at a decision as to which (if any) is correct. But don't toss away information in one record as being completely wrong until you have thought about all the variables involved. You may find that you are indeed on the right track chasing Jurgen Muzzel even though you were told your great great grandpa was George Maxwell.....
. I wanted to confirm that he was indeed born in England. I found him in 1851 under the name Brougton Wilson. He is recorded as being born in London England but of course we do not know who gave that birth information the census taker, so we should still treat it as not definite. 
for naturalization records.
for newspaper records.
USA & Canada Census, Ontario Vital Statistics, Voters' Lists and more (subscription site)
